Write short notes on the following terms as used in Principles of Management three marks each: management as an art, management as a science, management as a profession, evolution of management.
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more than 1 week ago
1. Management as an art: - Management as an art refers to the creative and skillful application of knowledge and principles to achieve organizational goals. - It involves using intuition, experience, and creativity to make decisions and solve problems in a dynamic and unpredictable environment. - Like an art, management requires practice, talent, and continuous learning to be successful.
2. Management as a science: - Management as a science involves the systematic study and application of principles, theories, and techniques to manage organizations effectively. - It is based on empirical evidence, research, and experimentation to understand and improve managerial practices. - Like a science, management seeks to establish universal laws and principles that can be used to predict and control organizational behavior.
3. Management as a profession: - Management as a profession refers to the ethical and specialized practice of managing organizations and people to achieve specific goals. - It involves acquiring specialized knowledge, skills, and competencies through education, training, and experience. - Like other professions, management requires adherence to a code of ethics, continuous professional development, and a commitment to serving the best interests of stakeholders.
4. Evolution of management: - The evolution of management refers to the historical development of management theories, principles, and practices over time. - It can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where rudimentary forms of management were used to organize and coordinate human activities. - The modern era of management began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the contributions of management thinkers like Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol, and Max Weber. - The evolution of management continues today, with new theories and approaches emerging to address the challenges of a rapidly changing business environment.
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Google Gemini AI
more than 1 week ago
Management as an Art: - Involves skillful application of theories, intuition, and creativity to achieve organizational goals. - Requires a personal touch, experience, and judgment. - Focuses on practical implementation and adaptation to specific situations.
Management as a Science: - Based on systematic knowledge and principles derived from research and observation. - Involves the use of logical reasoning, analytical techniques, and objective data. - Provides a structured approach to decision-making and problem-solving.
Management as a Profession: - Requires specialized education, training, and certification. - Adheres to a code of ethics and professional standards. - Recognizes the importance of continuous learning and development.
Evolution of Management: - Early 1900s (Scientific Management): Focused on efficiency and standardization (e.g., Taylor's work). - 1920s-1930s (Classical Theory): Emphasized management hierarchy, division of labor, and rational decision-making (e.g., Fayol, Weber). - 1940s-1950s (Behavioral Approach): Examined human behavior and motivation in organizations (e.g., Maslow, Herzberg). - 1960s-1970s (Contingency Theory): Acknowledged that management practices should adapt to specific organizational contexts. - 1980s-Present (Contemporary Approaches): Emphasize flexibility, innovation, and stakeholder management (e.g., Total Quality Management, Lean Management).