Define the following terms? Ranging line ? Building line? Substructure ? Angle of response ? Timbering ? Site investigation? State 4 factors which may determine the choice of foundation? ?

- Ranging line: A ranging line is a straight line used for measuring distances or aligning objects during construction or surveying.

- Building line: The building line is the line beyond which a building or structure cannot be built on a property, as defined by local zoning regulations.

- Substructure: The substructure is the underlying foundation or support structure of a building or other construction project.

- Angle of response: The angle of response is the angle at which a soil or rock mass will naturally slope or settle in response to external forces.

- Timbering: Timbering refers to the use of timber or wooden supports in construction, particularly in excavations or tunnels.

- Site investigation: Site investigation is the process of assessing the ground conditions, environmental factors, and other relevant information at a construction site before beginning a project.

Factors that may determine the choice of foundation include:
1. Soil type and bearing capacity
2. Building load and design requirements
3. Groundwater level and drainage conditions
4. Local building codes and regulations.

Ranging Line

A line established parallel to the principal axis of a building or structure, used for surveying and construction purposes to ensure alignment and positioning.

Building Line

A line established at a specified distance from the street line, beyond which no building or structure may extend. It defines the maximum building envelope.

Substructure

The underground or below-ground portion of a structure that supports the superstructure and transfers loads to the foundation. It includes footings, walls, piers, and piles.

Angle of Response

The angle between the direction of a force applied to a structure and the direction of the resultant displacement or deformation.

Timbering

The temporary support structure used to shore up walls, excavations, or other structures during construction or repairs. It typically consists of wooden beams, planks, and struts.

Site Investigation

A comprehensive study of a site to determine its suitability for a proposed development. It involves geological, geotechnical, hydrological, and environmental assessments.

Factors Determining Foundation Choice

1. Soil Conditions: Type of soil, bearing capacity, compressibility, and settlement potential.
2. Structural Loads: Weight of the structure, live loads, and environmental forces.
3. Site Constraints: Space limitations, slope, drainage, and presence of utilities.
4. Construction Considerations: Cost, time, equipment availability, and accessibility of the site.