Describe briefly how the components of air can be obtained from the atmosphere.

The components of air, such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other gases, can be obtained from the atmosphere through various methods. One common method is through the process of fractional distillation, where air is cooled and compressed to separate the different gases based on their boiling points. Another method is through the process of electrolysis, where an electric current is passed through water to separate oxygen and hydrogen molecules. Additionally, air can also be obtained through chemical reactions or filtration processes.

Nitrogen and Oxygen:
- Air Separation: Air is cooled and then compressed. Oxygen condenses at a higher temperature than nitrogen, allowing them to be separated.

Argon:
- Vacuum Swing Adsorption: Air is passed through a porous material that selectively adsorbs oxygen and nitrogen. Argon, which is less readily adsorbed, is collected.

Helium:
- Cryogenic Separation: Air is cooled to extremely low temperatures (-268°C). Helium remains gaseous while other components condense.

Carbon Dioxide:
- Absorption: Air is passed through a solvent that selectively absorbs carbon dioxide.
- Membrane Separation: Air is passed through a membrane that preferentially allows carbon dioxide to pass through.

Hydrogen:
- Steam Reforming: Natural gas or coal is reacted with steam to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
- Electrolysis: Water is electrolyzed, producing hydrogen and oxygen.