Explain how measures of returns to investment in education can be determined?

Measures of returns to investment in education can be determined through various methods, including:

1. Cost-benefit analysis: This involves comparing the costs of obtaining an education (such as tuition fees, books, and living expenses) with the potential benefits (such as increased earnings and job opportunities) that result from having an education. By calculating the net present value of these costs and benefits, one can determine the return on investment in education.

2. Earnings analysis: This involves comparing the earnings of individuals with different levels of education to determine the impact of education on income. By analyzing data on wages and salaries, researchers can estimate the average increase in earnings associated with each additional year of education.

3. Social rate of return: This measure takes into account not only the private benefits of education (such as higher earnings for individuals), but also the broader social benefits (such as increased productivity, reduced crime rates, and improved health outcomes). By considering these wider societal impacts, researchers can estimate the overall return on investment in education for society as a whole.

4. Human capital theory: This economic theory posits that education is an investment in human capital, which increases an individual's productivity and earning potential. By applying this theory to empirical data on education and earnings, researchers can estimate the returns to investment in education.

Overall, determining the returns to investment in education requires a combination of quantitative analysis, economic theory, and empirical research methods to assess the costs and benefits of education at both the individual and societal levels.