List ways in which data integrity can be compromised ?

1. Unauthorized access: If individuals or entities gain unauthorized access to a database, they can manipulate or delete data, compromising its integrity.

2. Human error: Mistakes made by individuals entering or managing data can lead to inaccuracies and compromise data integrity.

3. Malware or hacking: Malicious software or hacking attacks can corrupt or steal data, compromising its integrity.

4. Hardware failure: If the hardware storing the data fails, it can lead to data corruption or loss, compromising integrity.

5. Software bugs: Errors in software code can lead to data corruption or loss, compromising integrity.

6. Lack of data validation: If data is not properly validated before being entered into a database, it can lead to inaccuracies and compromise integrity.

7. Data manipulation: Individuals with access to a database can intentionally manipulate data to suit their own purposes, compromising integrity.

8. Lack of data backups: If data is not regularly backed up, it can be lost in the event of a system failure or other disaster, compromising integrity.

9. Insider threats: Employees or other individuals with authorized access to a database can intentionally or unintentionally compromise data integrity.

10. Data transfer errors: Errors during the transfer of data between systems or databases can lead to data corruption and compromise integrity.

Unauthorized Access:

- Malicious actors gaining access to data through hacking, phishing, or physical breaches.
- Internal employees exceeding their authorized access privileges.

Data Manipulation:

- Accidental or intentional modifications, deletions, or additions to data by authorized users.
- Unauthorized users altering data through malicious software or direct access.

System Failures:

- Hardware failures, software bugs, or power outages leading to data loss or corruption.
- Natural disasters or other catastrophic events impacting data storage systems.

Transmission Errors:

- Corrupted data during data transmission over networks or communication channels.
- Transmission delays or dropped packets resulting in incomplete or inaccurate data.

Mistakes and Human Error:

- Data entry errors, transcription mistakes, or incorrect calculations.
- Misinterpretations or misapplications of data by users.

Lack of Data Validation:

- Inadequate data validation processes allow for incorrect or incomplete data to be accepted into systems.
- Bypass of data validation controls by authorized or unauthorized users.

Data Integration Issues:

- Integration of data from different sources can lead to inconsistencies and data conflicts.
- Mapping errors or synchronization problems result in fragmented or inaccurate data.

Poor Data Management Practices:

- Lack of data backups and redundancy measures increases the risk of permanent data loss.
- Insufficient data disposal and archiving processes compromise data confidentiality and privacy.

Malicious Software:

- Viruses, malware, and ransomware can corrupt or encrypt data, rendering it inaccessible or unusable.
- Botnets can target data storage systems and exfiltrate sensitive information.

Physical Threats:

- Physical destruction of storage devices or servers through fire, flooding, or vandalism.
- Theft or loss of physical media containing data.