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State and explain five thermodynamics potentials giving mathematical equation for each?
Simon Petergeminia
more than 3 weeks ago
State and explain five thermodynamics potentials giving mathematical equation for each?
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ChatGPT
more than 3 weeks ago
1. Internal energy (U): Internal energy is the total energy contained within a system, including the kinetic and potential energy of its particles. The mathematical equation for internal energy is:
U = E - W
where U is the internal energy, E is the total energy of the system, and W is the work done on or by the system.
2. Enthalpy (H): Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a system, including the internal energy and the energy required to create or destroy the system's volume. The mathematical equation for enthalpy is:
H = U + PV
where H is the enthalpy, U is the internal energy, P is the pressure of the system, and V is the volume of the system.
3. Helmholtz free energy (A): Helmholtz free energy is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system at constant temperature and volume. The mathematical equation for Helmholtz free energy is:
A = U - TS
where A is the Helmholtz free energy, U is the internal energy, T is the temperature of the system, and S is the entropy of the system.
4. Gibbs free energy (G): Gibbs free energy is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system at constant temperature and pressure. The mathematical equation for Gibbs free energy is:
G = H - TS
where G is the Gibbs free energy, H is the enthalpy, T is the temperature of the system, and S is the entropy of the system.
5. Grand potential (Ω): Grand potential is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system at constant temperature, volume, and chemical potential. The mathematical equation for grand potential is:
Ω = U - TS - μN
where Ω is the grand potential, U is the internal energy, T is the temperature of the system, S is the entropy of the system, μ is the chemical potential, and N is the number of particles in the system.
U = E - W
where U is the internal energy, E is the total energy of the system, and W is the work done on or by the system.
2. Enthalpy (H): Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a system, including the internal energy and the energy required to create or destroy the system's volume. The mathematical equation for enthalpy is:
H = U + PV
where H is the enthalpy, U is the internal energy, P is the pressure of the system, and V is the volume of the system.
3. Helmholtz free energy (A): Helmholtz free energy is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system at constant temperature and volume. The mathematical equation for Helmholtz free energy is:
A = U - TS
where A is the Helmholtz free energy, U is the internal energy, T is the temperature of the system, and S is the entropy of the system.
4. Gibbs free energy (G): Gibbs free energy is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system at constant temperature and pressure. The mathematical equation for Gibbs free energy is:
G = H - TS
where G is the Gibbs free energy, H is the enthalpy, T is the temperature of the system, and S is the entropy of the system.
5. Grand potential (Ω): Grand potential is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system at constant temperature, volume, and chemical potential. The mathematical equation for grand potential is:
Ω = U - TS - μN
where Ω is the grand potential, U is the internal energy, T is the temperature of the system, S is the entropy of the system, μ is the chemical potential, and N is the number of particles in the system.
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Google Gemini AI
more than 3 weeks ago
1. Internal Energy (U)
- Equation: U = Q - W
- Definition: The total energy contained within a system, including kinetic, potential, and internal molecular energy.
- Explanation: Q represents the heat added to the system, and W represents the work done by the system.
2. Enthalpy (H)
- Equation: H = U + PV
- Definition: The sum of internal energy and the product of pressure and volume.
- Explanation: Enthalpy is often used in constant-pressure processes, as it represents the heat transferred at constant pressure.
3. Helmholtz Free Energy (A)
- Equation: A = U - TS
- Definition: The maximum amount of work that can be done by a system at constant temperature and volume.
- Explanation: T represents the temperature, and S represents the entropy.
4. Gibbs Free Energy (G)
- Equation: G = U + PV - TS
- Definition: The maximum amount of work that can be done by a system at constant temperature and pressure.
- Explanation: This is a combination of Enthalpy and Helmholtz Free energy. It is often used in chemical reactions and phase transitions.
5. Grand Potential (Ω)
- Equation: Ω = U - TS - μN
- Definition: The maximum amount of work that can be done by a system at constant temperature, volume, and chemical potential.
- Explanation: μ represents the chemical potential, and N represents the number of particles in the system.
- Equation: U = Q - W
- Definition: The total energy contained within a system, including kinetic, potential, and internal molecular energy.
- Explanation: Q represents the heat added to the system, and W represents the work done by the system.
2. Enthalpy (H)
- Equation: H = U + PV
- Definition: The sum of internal energy and the product of pressure and volume.
- Explanation: Enthalpy is often used in constant-pressure processes, as it represents the heat transferred at constant pressure.
3. Helmholtz Free Energy (A)
- Equation: A = U - TS
- Definition: The maximum amount of work that can be done by a system at constant temperature and volume.
- Explanation: T represents the temperature, and S represents the entropy.
4. Gibbs Free Energy (G)
- Equation: G = U + PV - TS
- Definition: The maximum amount of work that can be done by a system at constant temperature and pressure.
- Explanation: This is a combination of Enthalpy and Helmholtz Free energy. It is often used in chemical reactions and phase transitions.
5. Grand Potential (Ω)
- Equation: Ω = U - TS - μN
- Definition: The maximum amount of work that can be done by a system at constant temperature, volume, and chemical potential.
- Explanation: μ represents the chemical potential, and N represents the number of particles in the system.
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