What are eukaryotes and pokaryotes and how to identify them, and examples ?

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes are two major categories of organisms based on the presence or absence of a nucleus in their cells.

Eukaryotes:
- Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a true nucleus enclosed within a membrane.
- They have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
- Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
- Examples of eukaryotes include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Prokaryotes:
- Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Their genetic material is typically found in a single circular chromosome in the cytoplasm.
- Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.
- Examples of prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea.

Identification:
- Eukaryotes can be identified by the presence of a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles when viewed under a microscope.
- Prokaryotes can be identified by the absence of a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and the presence of a single circular chromosome in the cytoplasm when viewed under a microscope.

Eukaryotes

- Definition: Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
- Identifying Characteristics:
- Nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane
- Organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, etc.
- Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
- Examples:
- Plants
- Animals
- Fungi
- Protists

Prokaryotes

- Definition: Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
- Identifying Characteristics:
- Circular DNA located in a region called the nucleoid
- No nucleus or nuclear membrane
- Ribosomes attached to the plasma membrane
- May have flagella or pili for movement
- Examples:
- Bacteria
- Archaea

Key Differences Between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

| Characteristic | Eukaryotes | Prokaryotes |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | Present | Absent |
| Organelles | Membrane-bound organelles | No membrane-bound organelles |
| Ribosomes | Attached to endoplasmic reticulum | Attached to plasma membrane |
| Size | Typically larger (10-100 μm) | Typically smaller (1-10 μm) |
| DNA | Linear, arranged in chromosomes | Circular, located in nucleoid |
| Cell Division | Mitosis | Binary fission |