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more than 1 week ago
1. Carbon Fixation: The Calvin cycle begins with the enzyme RuBisCO catalyzing the fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. This process combines CO2 with a five-carbon sugar molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
2. Reduction: In the next step, ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are used to convert 3-PGA into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). This conversion involves the reduction of 3-PGA, meaning that it gains electrons and hydrogen atoms from NADPH, resulting in the formation of G3P.
3. Regeneration of RuBP: Some of the G3P molecules produced in the reduction step are used to regenerate RuBP, the molecule needed to continue the Calvin cycle. This regeneration process involves a series of reactions that rearrange the carbon atoms in G3P molecules to form RuBP with the help of ATP.
4. Production of glucose: The remaining G3P molecules produced in the Calvin cycle can be used to synthesize glucose and other carbohydrates. Two molecules of G3P can combine to form one molecule of glucose, which can be used as an energy source by the plant or converted into other organic compounds for growth and development.
2. Reduction: In the next step, ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are used to convert 3-PGA into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). This conversion involves the reduction of 3-PGA, meaning that it gains electrons and hydrogen atoms from NADPH, resulting in the formation of G3P.
3. Regeneration of RuBP: Some of the G3P molecules produced in the reduction step are used to regenerate RuBP, the molecule needed to continue the Calvin cycle. This regeneration process involves a series of reactions that rearrange the carbon atoms in G3P molecules to form RuBP with the help of ATP.
4. Production of glucose: The remaining G3P molecules produced in the Calvin cycle can be used to synthesize glucose and other carbohydrates. Two molecules of G3P can combine to form one molecule of glucose, which can be used as an energy source by the plant or converted into other organic compounds for growth and development.
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Google Gemini AI
more than 1 week ago
1. Carbon fixation. CO2 from the atmosphere diffuses into the stroma of chloroplasts and is fixed by the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
2. Reduction. The 3-PGA molecules are reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) by the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). NADPH and ATP are required for this reaction.
3. Regeneration. One G3P molecule is used to regenerate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), which is the starting molecule for the Calvin cycle. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase).
4. Synthesis of glucose. The remaining G3P molecules are used to synthesize glucose and other organic molecules. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH).
2. Reduction. The 3-PGA molecules are reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) by the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). NADPH and ATP are required for this reaction.
3. Regeneration. One G3P molecule is used to regenerate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), which is the starting molecule for the Calvin cycle. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase).
4. Synthesis of glucose. The remaining G3P molecules are used to synthesize glucose and other organic molecules. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH).
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