Explain two functions of golgi apparatus?

1. Protein modification and sorting: The Golgi apparatus plays a crucial role in modifying and sorting proteins that are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles, where they undergo various post-translational modifications such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, and sulfation. These modifications help to determine the final destination of the proteins within the cell, whether they are to be secreted outside the cell, incorporated into the cell membrane, or targeted to specific organelles.

2. Packaging and secretion: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport to their final destinations. Once proteins have been modified and sorted in the Golgi apparatus, they are packaged into vesicles called secretory vesicles. These vesicles then fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents outside the cell through a process known as exocytosis. This allows the cell to secrete proteins, hormones, and other molecules that are essential for communication with other cells and for maintaining homeostasis.

1. Protein Modification and Sorting: The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and modifies them through a series of biochemical reactions. It adds various types of sugar molecules (glycosylation), sulfate groups (sulfation), and other modifications to the proteins, which alters their structure and function. Additionally, it sorts the modified proteins into vesicles destined for different cellular compartments or for secretion outside the cell.

2. Lipid Modification and Synthesis: The Golgi apparatus is also involved in the modification and synthesis of lipids. It receives lipids from the ER and modifies them, such as adding sugar molecules or converting them into more complex forms. Additionally, the Golgi apparatus synthesizes certain lipids, including sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids, which are key components of cell membranes.