Open system and closed system?

An open system is a system that interacts with its environment, exchanging matter and energy with it. This means that an open system can receive inputs from the environment, process them, and produce outputs that are released back into the environment. Examples of open systems include living organisms, ecosystems, and some industrial processes.

A closed system, on the other hand, is a system that does not exchange matter or energy with its environment. This means that a closed system is self-contained and does not interact with its surroundings. Examples of closed systems include a sealed container of gas or a closed thermos bottle.

Open System

- Exchanges both mass and energy with the surroundings.
- Allows substances to enter and exit the system.
- Examples: living organisms, ecosystems, chemical reactions in an open container.

Closed System

- Exchanges only energy with the surroundings.
- Does not allow mass to enter or exit the system.
- Examples: isolated containers, sealed environments, isothermal systems.

Key Differences:

| Feature | Open System | Closed System |
|---|---|---|
| Mass Exchange | Yes | No |
| Energy Exchange | Yes | Yes |
| Examples | Living beings, ecosystems | Isolated containers, sealed environments |
| Equilibrium State | Can reach equilibrium with exchanges | Can reach equilibrium without exchanges |
| Entropy | Increases due to mass and energy exchange | Constant or decreases |
| Complexity | More complex due to mass and energy transfer | Simpler due to limited interactions |