Outline X-RAY findings in pulmonary tuberculosis?

1. Consolidation: Areas of consolidation may be seen in the lungs, indicating the presence of infection and inflammation.

2. Cavitation: Cavities or holes may be present in the lungs, which are characteristic of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis.

3. Fibrosis: Scarring and fibrosis may be seen in the lungs, indicating chronic inflammation and damage.

4. Pleural effusion: Fluid accumulation in the pleural space may be seen in cases of pleural tuberculosis.

5. Lymphadenopathy: Enlarged lymph nodes may be present in the mediastinum or hilum of the lungs, indicating lymphatic spread of the infection.

6. Miliary tuberculosis: Tiny nodules or "millet seeds" may be scattered throughout the lungs, indicating disseminated tuberculosis.

7. Atelectasis: Collapse of lung tissue may be seen in areas affected by tuberculosis.

8. Airway involvement: Thickening of bronchial walls or bronchiectasis may be seen in cases of bronchial tuberculosis.

9. Upper lobe predominance: In many cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, the upper lobes of the lungs are more commonly affected than the lower lobes.

10. Calcifications: Calcified nodules or granulomas may be seen in the lungs, indicating healed or inactive tuberculosis.

1. Early Findings:

- Interstitial infiltrates: Hazy, ill-defined opacities in the lung fields, often in central or perihilar regions.
- Nodules: Small, rounded opacities (1-3 mm), usually scattered throughout the lung fields.
- Ghon focus: A small, rounded opacity (5-10 mm) in the middle or lower lobe, representing the primary infection site.

2. Advanced Findings:

- Cavitation: Round or irregular areas of lucency within a consolidated lung, indicating the presence of necrotic tissue.
- Consolidation: Areas of increased lung density, often lobar or segmental in distribution.
- Fibrosis: Linear or reticular opacities, indicating scarring and tissue destruction.
- Bronchiectasis: Dilation and distortion of bronchial structures, especially in the affected lobes.
- Pleural effusion: Fluid collection in the pleural space, which may be unilateral or bilateral.

3. Other Findings:

- Mediastinal lymphadenopathy: Enlarged lymph nodes in the mediastinum, especially in the hilar and paratracheal regions.
- Calcifications: Small, round opacities within lung lesions or lymph nodes, indicating past infection.
- Apical scarring: Linear or reticular opacities in the lung apices, indicating healed lesions.
- Effusive-exudative disease: Extensive consolidation and pleural effusion, resembling pneumonia.
- Miliary tuberculosis: Tiny, disseminated nodules throughout the lung fields, resembling millet seeds.