State 4 complications of shunting in management of hydrocephalus?

1. Infection: Shunts can become infected, leading to serious complications such as meningitis or shunt malfunction. Infections may require removal of the shunt and treatment with antibiotics.

2. Shunt malfunction: Shunts can become blocked or dislodged, leading to a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid and symptoms of hydrocephalus. This may require surgical intervention to repair or replace the shunt.

3. Overdrainage: In some cases, shunts can cause too much cerebrospinal fluid to be drained from the brain, leading to a condition known as overdrainage. This can result in symptoms such as headaches, nausea, and cognitive impairment.

4. Underdrainage: Conversely, shunts may not drain enough cerebrospinal fluid, leading to persistent symptoms of hydrocephalus such as headaches, vision problems, and difficulty walking. This may require adjustment or replacement of the shunt.