How to diagnose DM and DI (state at least 4 diagnostic assay used) ?

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Diabetes Insipidus (DI) are two different conditions that affect the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels and fluid balance, respectively. Here are four diagnostic assays used to diagnose these conditions:

1. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Test: This test measures the blood glucose level after an overnight fast. A fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher on two separate occasions indicates diabetes mellitus.

2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): This test involves measuring blood glucose levels before and two hours after consuming a glucose-rich drink. A blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher two hours after the drink indicates diabetes mellitus.

3. Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Test: This test measures the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months. An HbA1c level of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes mellitus.

4. Water Deprivation Test: This test is used to diagnose Diabetes Insipidus. It involves withholding fluids for a certain period while monitoring urine output and measuring blood and urine osmolality. If the body fails to concentrate urine and urine output remains high, it indicates Diabetes Insipidus.

It is important to note that the diagnosis of DM and DI should be made by a healthcare professional based on a combination of clinical symptoms, medical history, and the results of these diagnostic tests.