The external Reasons for the Mutapa State?

1. Trade routes: The Mutapa State was strategically located along major trade routes, allowing it to control and benefit from the trade of gold, ivory, and other valuable commodities.

2. Portuguese influence: The arrival of Portuguese traders and settlers in the region brought new technologies, weapons, and goods that helped to strengthen the Mutapa State's economy and military power.

3. Alliance building: The Mutapa State formed alliances with neighboring kingdoms and tribes, allowing it to expand its territory and influence in the region.

4. Agricultural productivity: The Mutapa State had a strong agricultural base, with fertile lands that allowed for the production of surplus food and resources, which in turn supported the growth and stability of the state.

5. Leadership and governance: The Mutapa State was ruled by a strong centralized government with a powerful monarch at its head, which helped to maintain order and stability within the state.

6. Military strength: The Mutapa State had a well-trained and disciplined military force that allowed it to defend its territory and expand its influence through conquest and warfare.

7. Cultural and religious unity: The Mutapa State was characterized by a strong sense of cultural and religious unity, which helped to foster a sense of identity and cohesion among its people.